•complete text-encoded transcripts, in both 'diplomatic' and 'normalized' versions - the former recording all the deletions, additions, errors and alterations made in the original document, the latter edited to yield something more like a 'finished' text;
•high-resolution facsimile images of all the papers, and of the marginal annotations made by Newton to the books in his library, most of which still survive.
Cell Death & Disease makes all content freely available to all researchers worldwide, ensuring maximum dissemination of content through the nature.com platform. Content is published online on a weekly basis to provide timely communication to the community and keep publication times to a minimum.Authors can choose either the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 licence or a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 licence. Publication is funded by article-processing charges of £2,000 / $3,000 / €2,400 for original articles and unsolicited reviews. Correspondence articles and other unsolicited articles are published at a reduced fee (£670 / $1000 / €800).
"Since 2005, the Center for Studies in Higher Education (CSHE), with generous funding from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, has been conducting research to understand the needs and practices of faculty for in-progress scholarly communication (i.e., forms of communication employed as research is being executed) as well as archival publication. The complete results of our work can be found at the Future of Scholarly Communication's project website. This report brings together the responses of 160 interviewees across 45, mostly elite, research institutions to closely examine scholarly needs and values in seven selected academic fields: archaeology, astrophysics, biology, economics, history, music, and political science."
Conservatism of Young Scholars
In all fields, many young scholars, and particularly graduate students, are especially leery of putting ideas and data out too soon for fear of theft and/or misinterpretation. Given these findings, we caution against assumptions that “millennials” will change the social landscape of scholarship by virtue of their facility with cell phones and social networking sites. There is ample evidence that, once initiated into the profession, newer scholars—be they graduate students, postdoctoral scholars, or assistant professors—adopt the behaviors, norms, and recommendations of their mentors in order to advance their careers. Of course, teenagers eventually develop into adults. Moreover, given the complex motivations involved in sharing scholarly work and the importance of peer review as a quality and noise filter, we think it premature to assume that Web 2.0 platforms geared toward early public exposure of research ideas or data are going to spread among scholars in the most competitive institutions. These platforms may, however, become populated with materials, such as protocols or primary data, that established scholars want to disseminate in some formal way but without undergoing unnecessary and lengthy peer review. It is also possible, based on our scan of a variety of “open peer-review” websites, that scholars in less competitive institutions (including internationally), who may experience more difficulty finding a high-stature publisher for their work, will embrace these publication outlets. Time will tell.
- Wars: "Battles, grenadiers, artilleries, attacks, victories and defeats! Napoleonic Wars were portrayed differently across Europe."
- Portraits: "Dresses, headgears and sideburns from 1802 to 1896. This selection of portraits immortalizes public figures, sumptuous houses, crowds & daily life."
- Maps: "Military maps, city plans and magnificent representations of the well documented assaults launched by Napoleon Bonaparte in Europe."
- Texts: "Rare letters, books, manuscripts and other prints chronologically displayed. Discover the handwriting of Napoleon Bonaparte or the original 'Charte Constitutionelle'".
- Specials: "Playing cards, comics, music scores, coins, Napoleon Bonaparte’s marble bust."
"The online guide is directed to small independent teams and provides practical information on planning, setting up, launching, publishing and managing an open access scholarly journal. Users can take advantage of additional resources in the form of links to related information, samples of applied practices and downloadable tools that can be adapted. The guide seeks to be interactive, allowing users to share their own best practices, tips and suggestions through a comment field. Although the guide contains some information that is specific to the Nordic region, most of its content can be applied internationally."Click here for the guide.
